NYTimes on the 1860 Census Visualizing Slavery
The New York Times has a nice writeup on the visualization of slave populations that resulted from the 1860 Census, which is believed to be the first time shading was used to indicate the concentration of slavery. Regions like the Mississippi River are almost entirely black, while states like Missouri and Tennessee are almost entirely white.
The map reaffirmed the belief of many in the Union that secession was driven not by a notion of “state rights,” but by the defense of a labor system. A table at the lower edge of the map measured each state’s slave population, and contemporaries would have immediately noticed that this corresponded closely to the order of secession. South Carolina, which led the rebellion, was one of two states which enslaved a majority of its population, a fact starkly represented on the map.
Unfortunately, the NYTimes “blowup” of the map obscures it’s natural beauty with some interactive icons and features. I managed to find a slightly higher-resolution version at JimZellArt.com , shown below.


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